The advent of digital technology, particularly X-ray CT scanners, has ushered in a new era in paleontology. These cutting-edge tools enable the non-destructive examination of fossilized remains, providing researchers with unprecedented insights into the internal structures of fossils. X-ray CT scanners, similar to those used in medical settings, have become indispensable in studying extinct vertebrates, including dinosaurs.

The application of X-ray CT scanning to paleontology began in the 1980s and has since evolved into a vital tool for examining the internal anatomy of fossils without causing damage. This technique is especially valuable in analyzing the cranial anatomy of dinosaurs, offering insights into the morphology of the brain, nerves, blood vessels, and inner ear structures.

In our research, we have utilized X-ray CT scanning to investigate the skull structures of various dinosaurs. For instance, we conducted a study on the lower jaw of Tyrannosaurus rex, where we discovered a complex network of trigeminal nerves, indicating a highly sensitive sense of touch in the jaw. This finding revealed that T. rex could use its jaw tips delicately despite its reputation as a powerful predator.

Additionally, we analyzed the well-preserved skull of Fukuiraptor, a theropod dinosaur discovered in Katsuyama, Fukui Prefecture, Japan. The X-ray CT scans of Fukuiraptor‘s skull revealed an exceptionally developed olfactory bulb and semicircular canals, indicating sharp senses of smell and balance. These findings suggest that Fukuiraptor was a highly agile animal, relying on its keen senses for survival.

The continuous unearthing of dinosaur fossils, combined with rapid advancements in CT scanning technology and image analysis software, promises to drive further breakthroughs in our understanding of dinosaur evolution and behavior. The integration of deep learning techniques in image analysis is poised to significantly enhance the accuracy and breadth of future research, opening up new vistas into the lives of these ancient creatures.